Advanced Management Accounting Samples for Students-Myassingment

Questions: 1.What is Costing Problem related with MMR? 2.Suggest Costing System utilizing Conventional Costing? Answers: 1.Costing issue related with MMR Macintoshes Molding and Repairs Ltd maintaining its SME business effectively. The organization has recorded 15% year on year development. It has three business lines which are forming, custom plastic items and fixes. Trim business of MMR is the most beneficial business which developing essentially. It incorporates embellishment of plastic and other material into items. Despite the fact that the deals of the MMR have been expanded fundamentally yet their net revenue isn't sufficient. The staff of MMR are profoundly gifted and productive enough to convey the work on schedule. Trim business of MMR has expanded by 15% in each most recent multi year. Some particular machines and hardware are utilized in embellishment. The cost associated with the embellishment procedure is significantly factor which increment with the expansion of creation. The procedure is completely robotized which implies a solitary individual can work 30 machines one after another. Clients are given 60 days credit wit h no additional charges. Indeed, even the transportation cost has been paid by the MMR itself. The purpose for this is to contend in the market. Then again, custom work division of MMR produces the items on the gave structures of the clients. They don't offer any structuring types of assistance to its clients. The custom work is more work escalated as each request is distinctive with the last one. In any case, stores are taken ahead of time and full installment is recouped inside the 7 days of the deals. Customs product offering incorporates the assembling of modified items utilizing fiberglass, Plastic, carbon fiber and other Morden materials. Works makes the most of their work and are exceptionally talented. The fix business of MMR gives a wide scope of fix administrations to the clients. It incorporates fixing of Canoes, vessels, modern gear and custom vehicles. Fix workshop business of MMR is additionally gainful which incorporates selling of fix stocks too. MMR sells the fix instrument both on the web and disconnected. Fixes work is done in a different structure by the works. This business is additionally a work escalated. Fast conveyance and snappy administrations are the center quality for MMR. Employment costing technique is being utilized by MMR for cost bookkeeping. Trim thinks about every creation as a new position. Direct work and material expense are followed by the activity sheets. Nonetheless, after costing issues have been seen which brought about a low net revenue of MMR: In trim, at whatever point MMR gets another and dire request it stops the current request and goes with the new creation. The material and sources utilized for the past creation should be dumbed which expands the material expense. 60 days credit permitted by MMR is additionally expanding its working expense as cash is on layaway with no premium. MMR is losing opportunity cost on its credited sum. Free transportation is additionally expanding the expense for MMR. In the traditions division, the procedure is more work concentrated and hence, the expense of creation is higher in this division. At a time 5 units are delivered which is exceptionally low. Fixed expense is exceptionally high in custom work which is the reason the benefits are equivalently low. Fix works is additionally a work escalated division yet the organization is selling fix material as well and utilizing the space at fix workshop. Costing approach of MMR is likewise answerable for low-overall revenues. All the expense are consolidated and conveyed similarly among all the division which is anything but a positive practice. Estimating is finished by following expense in addition to approach. Embellishment 20%, custom 30% and fixes 25%. The edge for custom and fix works isn't satisfactory as both the procedure are work serious and cost of creation is commonly a lot higher than embellishment (Drury, 2008). 2.Significance of costing Cost bookkeeping is a strategy and an instrument to decide the expense of the venture. Least the cost greatest the benefit. In this manner, while taking choices chiefs consider cost at need and take attainable and beneficial choices where cost is least (Eldenburg et. al., 2017). Customary costing is advantageous and simple to look at. In regular costing, volume cost driver is utilized which twists the expense of item. Abundance or any undesired expense is charged to the client with the assistance of employment costing (Kinney Raiborn, 2008). Be that as it may, traditional costing strategy isn't suitable for the broadened product offering as a solitary technique for costing is utilized. Nature of item and its procedure is disregarded which doesn't give the correct data about the real expense related with the item or administration. Directly, MMR utilizes work costing technique as the administration discover this strategy increasingly helpful and simple to retain its cost regardless of the nature and multifaceted nature of its product offerings. MMR can build its benefits by utilizing various strategies for costing for its every business line. Half and half costing framework is a morden approach which has been generally utilized by the organizations for costing. It favors the mix of two or than two costing strategy relying upon the idea of the assembling procedure and material. For embellishment division, it can utilize bunch costing as structure and nature of the item is comparative. It assists with regarding each group of creation as a different activity. Agreement costing is additionally useful for its custom fills in as each request is discrete from another (Hansen, Mowen Guan, 2015). Cost associated with custom work is normally higher than other two division. The expense of each created unit contrasts because of various need and prerequisite of the clients. For its fix works, it can proceed with the activity costing as the fixes works run in a different leas ed structure where the fixed expense including rent and work is extremely high. Occupation costing will assist with discounting the fixed expense with the each activity (Eldenburg et. al., 2017). MMR need to amend its evaluating as the custom and fixes division are more work escalated while the trim division includes variable costing. It needs to expand the creation of custom work and fixes with the goal that fixed expense can discount. Higher creation level decreases the fixed expense and assists with limiting the expense of creation (Eldenburg et. al., 2017). References Drury, C. (2008). The board and Cost Accounting. London: Cengage Learning EMEA. Eldenburg, L. G., Brooks, An., Oliver, A., Vesty, G., Dormer, R., Murthy, V. (2017). The board Accounting. Milton: John Wiley Sons Australia. Hansen, D., Mowen, M., Guan, L. (2015). Cost Management: Accounting and Control. Bricklayer: Cengage Learning. Cengage Learning. Kinney, M., Raiborn, C. (2008). Cost Accounting: Foundations and Evolutions. Bricklayer: Cengage Learning.

International Engineering Management †Free Samples for Students

Question: Clarify International Engineering Management? Answer: Presentation TNA Pty. Ltd is the global pioneer in the food preparing and bundling industry, which supplies arrangements just as a solitary framework to every one of their clients around the world. TNA business stresses on building up the imaginative hardware for bundling. The customer bundling industry is expanding or developing everywhere throughout the world at the fast pace, as economies of numerous nations have fortified their purchasing power (Gillespie, Jeannet, and Hennessey 2009). Sorted out retail structure and accommodation packs will separate the organization. As the organization is intending to grow in the different Asian market, it is imperative to examine the market. To do as such, five nations are chosen, for example, India, China, Singapore, Japan, and Saudi Arabia. Advantages and difficulties in these nations will be dissected with the goal that it become simpler for TNA to grow their business in these market. TNA had confronted different difficulties when they developed their business in various nations, which identifies with absence of specialized similarity among the arrangement of TNA and nibble food bundling industry (Gillespie, Jeannet, Hennessey 2009). In this report, the best market will be chosen for TNA, and by that proposal will be given, that identifies with upgrading deals and showcasing in these areas. Starter investigation Pressing for the accommodation Big open doors that have expanded through the comfort pattern is quickly utilized in the event of prepared dinners. Tremendous associations having the mechanical quality like Uflex Ltd, answer buy, MTR Foods, has made the high situation in Indian market. The distinctive mechanical improvement towards the prepared suppers in India has brought about the advancement of rack prepared packs of the dinner (Gillespie, Jeannet, Hennessey 2009). It is alluded as the achievement of sorts, by applying the office of the virus chain inside the retail locations are again less. Through this expanding pattern, the way toward bundling is relied upon to increment through the innovation stepping stool, as hot filling techniques, a structure fill seal inside the adaptable bundling, and aseptic bundling. Overseen retail structure through the move in the good old retailing at little scope to get sorted out everywhere stores, item makers have attempted to modernize the packs. For instance, milk has changed from approximately sold towards the adaptable plastic pad packs, and right now, utilized as the superior fluid containers (Gillespie, Jeannet, Hennessey 2009). Abusing the adaptability As the enormous piece of the Indian customers, hold less buying power has kept on expanding the interest at the less unit cost; in this way, the little measured pack's commonness are as 1 to 10-gram sachets. It is noticed that in India adaptable bundling has effectively abused on this pattern, which gives them ease (ADVANTAGE INDIA - CONSUMER GOODS PACKAGING TRENDS 2011). Burdens Import reliance Around 80% of the material is for the most part utilized in the bundling of cold kind rankle, and its imported. The prerequisite of new innovation In India, around 40% of the gardening and cultivation is chiefly squandered, because of the absence of cold chains and coordinations. By and by, the correct bundling can help in tending to the development through upgrading the timeframe of realistic usability of these things by adjusted air bundling. Confound of gauges BIS guidelines that are primarily utilized by the Indian bundling industry isn't up to the measures set by the created countries (ADVANTAGE INDIA - CONSUMER GOODS PACKAGING TRENDS 2011). Loss of fare Due to the applicable innovation and confuse of standard in food bundling, the fare business has endured a ton. For example, in the Middle East, the fare of crude meat bomb in gaining the potential income, because of the absence of the administrations of significant worth expansion to bundling and preparing (ADVANTAGE INDIA - CONSUMER GOODS PACKAGING TRENDS 2011). Malaysia Neighborhood players that consistently lead the offer of bundling nearby organizations hold the firm nearness inside the region. Bundling firms produce different pack types for the various classifications, having scarcely any neighborhood makers offering administrations like bundling, forming, and marking, to remain serious (Malaysian Association of Standard Users 2013). The development of item by underscoring over close improvement-in the year 2015, the item advancement has accentuated over close improvement. It is fundamentally common in close to home consideration and home consideration, in which improved conclusion is utilized for offering shoppers with the wellbeing highlights just as included accommodation. Requests of clients for the predictable item regularly drive the deals of gigantic pack position size are accomplishing force in the progressing bundled food just as excellence and individual consideration, in which deal hit through the affectability of buyer cost (Malaysian Association of Standard Users 2013). This pattern was, later on, present around 6% of the merchandise and administration charge in the year 2015, which drive the interest for the moderate things, Impediments According to the Malaysian speculation advancement authority of 2012, the segment is profoundly commanded by the little and medium measured organizations. Notwithstanding the key rate as contrasted and the huge scope organizations, they are profoundly lacking in creating the intelligent volume of results and furthermore face difficulties in consenting to the measures of food and cleanliness (Talib, Ali and Idris 2013). Other developing issues that has expanded the worry is identified with the food preparing division is profoundly proficient through the expansion in overhead expense. Steps were taken for settling the issues, food little and medium size organizations principally will in general respond over the impromptu cutting of cost and even flop in review the essentialness of applying the supportability demonstrations in activity (Talib, Ali and Idris 2013). Disappointment in sorting out the supportability parts like water and vitality can possibly lead towards the expanded overhe ad cost of SME and think of a negative impact on social and condition. The issues identified with food cleanliness just as an absence of maintainability could be investigated in the center structure of the food business. Encircled by different issues, SME frequently tends towards disregarding or either overlooking the noteworthiness of alluding the manageability and cleanliness at the hour of planning (Talib, Ali and Idris 2013). Disappointment in making thought helps in delivering the processing plant configuration like different blunders, which rise as assembling issue, when the industrial facility is built. Singapore Favorable circumstances The notoriety of American accommodation, just as quick nourishments in the Singapore, favors the use of these current chain arrangement of acquisition that can source the food fixings from America. The food method of America are considered as the solid wellspring of immense volume and even hold steady quality food things in the key food processors. American things are current and effectively introduced in the key general stores (Lamb, Hair and McDaniel 2010). American items are likewise considered as high caliber. Singapore is the key territorial center point for the horticulture and food re-send out, fundamentally the prepared food (Dong 2016). Hindrances There is an expanding and progressing pattern in Singapore for the good dieting. Regardless of whether it is defended or not, however the inexpensive food is regularly identified with the eating void calories just as low quality nourishment. On account of meat prepared food thing, Singapore advertise face TBT, and SPS issues (Dong 2016). American food things are alluded as expensive, as contrasted and the comparative kind of items, from both the customary and provincial food providing nations, for example, European Union, Australia, and New Zealand. Singapore is value delicate when the case comes to buying food things. The value affectability is offered by ASEAN nations and China for improving the Singapore piece of the overall industry (Dong 2016). The ASEAN Economic people group was begun in the year 2015; the essential objective is to change the ASEAN in the single market just as creation base market for advancing the unhindered commerce development and capital among the part territory of ASEAN (Dong 2016). Singapore is the most serious market. Serious things are not all that exorbitant and are similarly utilized as American items. Food fixings originating from the districts has less expense, because of the facilitated commerce zone of ASEAN (Dong 2016). The AFTA additionally spread basic powerful special duty arrangement, for starting the free progression of merchandise among part state. Japan Favorable circumstances It is anticipated that the bundled food deal will keep on expanding in the market of Japan, as client keep on looking for the helpful food arrangements in the midst of way of life and segment changes. Alongside this, producers will likewise contribute towards supporting the decrease in the classification of the develop staple. With respect to, the biggest bundled sort of food in Japan is the chilled prepared nourishments, for example, chilled meats and chilled prepared suppers (Packaged Food Sales in Japan 2015). It likewise incorporates bread shop items and dried handled nourishments, including moment noodle and rice. With the spread of dietary patterns of West among the clients, staples, for example, rice have ceaselessly diminished in term of offer. It has contrarily affected the most elevated class inside the dried prepared food (Packaged Food Sales in Japan 2015). On the opposite side, prepared to eat a supper, alongside inventive, versatile just as helpful nourishments are maki ng progress. Weaknesses Japan is the third biggest economy on the planet after America and China. It is likewise considered as the significant market for different worldwide bundled food producers. Alongside that, Japan is considered as the fourth biggest food shipper of the world, which relies upon different nations, for its 60% of the food (Packaged Food Sales in Japan 2015). At one side, the customary taste and menu, principally direct the normal utilization propensity for J

Payday loan industry pushes back on Texas legislation - Inside Subprime 4

Payday loan industry pushes back on Texas legislation - Inside Subprime 4/18/2018 Payday loan industry pushes back on Texas legislation Payday loan industry pushes back on Texas legislationInside Subprime: April 18, 2018By Kerry ReidWhen it comes to federal regulations on payday loans, lenders in the Lone Star State are saying “Don’t mess with Texas.”On April 9, two trade groups for the Texas payday lending industry â€" Community Financial Services of America and Consumer Service Alliance of Texas â€" jointly filed a 38-page lawsuit in Austin federal court against the federal Consumer Financial Protection Bureau over an Obama-era regulation that the plaintiffs say would wipe out the industry.The CFPB under fire.As reported by Erik De La Garza in Courthouse News Service, the regulation in question restricts payday loans to borrowers who can demonstrate an ability to afford the debt on top of existing financial obligations. It also imposes a three-time limit on how many successive loans a borrower can take out, along with a mandatory 30-day “cooling off period” between loans. Mick Mulvaney, current head of th e CFPB who is also named as a defendant in the suit, has said previously that he is reviewing the regulation, which was initially scheduled for rollout in summer of 2019.The lawsuit, according to De La Garza’s report, claims that the CFPB regulation violated the federal Administrative Procedure Act, under which regulations are instituted, and is thus unconstitutional. They seek an order prohibiting it from taking effect.The suit is the latest development in an ongoing battle that has, in recent years, caused many cities in Texas to impose more regulations on payday loans in response to lack of action from the state legislature.A payday loans interest rates can hurt consumers.In an article for the Texas Tribune last April, reporter Jackie Wang noted that nonprofit advocacy groups, such as Texas Appleseed, have been working on payday and auto loan lending reforms in cooperation with cities and faith-based organizations since Dallas passed the first local ordinance regulating the ind ustry in 2011. An auto loan, or title loan, allows a borrower to put up a vehicle as collateral. The lender then gets temporary title and a lien on the vehicle and can repossess it in the event of the borrower defaulting on payments.Ann Baddour, director of the Fair Financial Services Project at Texas Appleseed  said in Wang’s article that, “these ordinances passed in at least 42 cities through incredible local efforts from faith leaders, city leaders, nonprofits and some in the business community. A lot of businesses saw how these loans affected their employees.”In a recent article for the Texas Observer, Michael Barajas noted that payday loans “can carry an effective APR north of 600 percent in Texas.” Yet a push in the state legislature in 2011 to curtail some payday lending practices failed.Can local regulation work?At the same time, efforts at the state level to overturn local ordinances aimed at payday lending institutions have also failed. Last year, State Senator C raig Estes (R-Wichita Falls) introduced Senate Bill 1530, which, as noted in Wang’s article, would have nullified all city ordinances related to payday and auto title lenders. That bill effectively died in committee, as did a similar bill introduced in the Texas House by Republican State Representative Giovanni Capriglione.In the absence of statewide action to either expand upon or curtail local ordinances, the payday lending trade groups and the reform advocates will both be watching the lawsuit against CFPB closely.In the Observer article, Baddour estimates that the federal rules could have saved payday and auto title borrowers in Texas in the range of $402-$432 million in 2016, as opposed to the nearly $1.6 billion in fees collected that year by those in the business. However, as quoted by the Observer, the plaintiffs in the suit maintain that borrowers “fully understand the costs and risks of these products” and called attempts to limit these lending practices “deeply pa ternalistic.”The ball is now in the federal court.To read more about payday loans in Texas, check out these related pages and articles from OppLoans:Payday Loans in DallasPayday Loans in HoustonPayday Lending in AustinVisit OppLoans on  YouTube  |  Facebook  |  Twitter  |  LinkedIn

Industrialization took place during the 1877-1920’s. It...

Industrialization took place during the 1877-1920’s. It transformed a group of people from a society that depended on agriculture to an industrial society. Two characteristics were the increase of the automobile industry and factory based jobs, which became more popular. The progressive Era was from the 1890’ s-1920. It was a time of political reform and social activism in the United States. Two of its characteristics were modernization for the world and social political effects of Plessy vs. Ferguson and Jim Crow. Spreading of cultures was influential to the U.S. during this time because it helped build business and increase the economy. In the case of Plessy vs. Ferguson, the effect was that segregation laws were constitutional†¦show more content†¦Assimilation brought new jobs and workers to the U.S. The immigrants worked hard and helped build subways skyscrapers, and eventually were able to open their own business. The immigrants were essential to t he American economy. Nativisim was a negative influence and it was a way for the Americans to keep jobs for themselves and away from the immigrants. The Nativist said that the new immigrants would not assimilate of languages, customs being different. Nativist thought that immigrants were violent and opposed all forms of government. Poverty was a socioeconomic issue because the jobs didn’t pat enough and families went hungry. Child labor was also a concern due to young children as young as give years old were working in factories for little pay and long working hours to assist in taking care of their families. They worked in what was known to me factory mills, coal mines, and sweat shops. Industrialization didn’t create labor, however, it aided in creating child labor reform policies. Living conditions were horrible. People lived in buildings called tenements, that up to ten people could live in. There was no indoor plumbing or heat, and families had to share a bathroom. Extended democracy- Mudrackers were the ones who reformed government by exploiting and uncovering the truth about big businesses. They revealed the injustices that were taking place in the workplace such as fi Prohibition-The women of the prohibitionShow MoreRelatedA SELECTION OF PAST AP U.S. FREE RESPONSE QUESTIONS:3529 Words   |  15 PagesFREE RESPONSE QUESTIONS: Part 1: Colonial Period to Civil War Colonial Times 1607 -1775 1. From 1600 -1763, several European nations vied for control of the North American continent. Why did England win the struggle? (73) 2. In the seventeenth century, New England Puritans tried to create a model society. What were their aspirations, and to what extent were those aspirations fulfilled during the seventeenth century? (83) 3. In the two decades before the outbreak of the American RevolutionaryRead MoreEconomics of the Late Victorian Era Essay2165 Words   |  9 Pagesday-labor divided and subdivided and specialized, so that a working man is but a mere cog in the great industrial modern plant; his individuality lost, alienated from the tools of labor; with concentration of wealth, concentration of industry, I wonder whether any of us can imagine what would be the actual condition of the working people of our country to-day without their organizations to protect them. What would be the condition of the workingmen in our country in our day by acting as individualsRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pageslittle significance. But there is little agreement over when the twentieth century c.e. arrived, and there were several points both before the year 2000 (the collapse of the Soviet Union, the reunification of Germany, the surge of globalization from the mid-1990s) and afterward (9/11, or the global recession of 2008) when one could quite plausibly argue that a new era had begun. A compelling case can be made for viewing the decades of the global scramble for colonies after 1870 as a predictableRead MoreCorrectional Administration Reviewer18383 Words   |  74 Pagesa. Peno was derived from Greek word â€Å"piono† and from the Latin word â€Å"poena†, both terms mean punishment. b. Logy was from the Latin word â€Å"logos†, meaning science. c. Penology distinguish from Penitentiary Science- Penology deals with the various means of fighting crimes as regards to penalties and other measures of security, while Penitentiary Science is limited only to the study of penalties dealing with deprivation of liberty. ï  ½ The Golden Age of Penology - the period from 1870 to 1880 was considered

Analysis Of Machiavelli s The Prince - 1592 Words

D.I.Y. Empire In The Prince, Machiavelli discusses ways in which a ruler should obtain power and maintain power, emphasizing the concept of gaining power through virtue versus fortune. Virtue, or virtu in the original Italian, is defined as the masculine quality of power, and not necessarily tied to ideas of morality as it is in the English definition. Gaining power through virtue is the process of gaining power through one’s own ability, while gaining power through fortune is the process of gaining power through means not related to one’s own ability such as wealth or another’s grace. In Chapter 6 of The Prince, Machiavelli discusses principalities gained through virtue and their characteristics. Rulers who wish to gain such†¦show more content†¦His enemies are those of the older order, who did well under it and are reluctant to change to a new order. His allies are those who would do well under the new order but are, as Machiavelli puts it, â€Å"lukewarm† and, therefore, aren’t entirely dedicated. This is in part due to their fear of the new prince’s enemies, those who do not want a new order, and in part due to their skepticism in the ability of the prince to impose this new order. As such, it is very dangerous to impose a new order where one may face attack by hostile forces and have only â€Å"lukewarm† defenders of the new order. It is then necessary to examine how the prince will utilize his virtue. If he is to â€Å"beg† and ask others for help, he is then seen as week and cannot accomplish his goal. The alternative is to use â€Å"force†, to arm themselves, and to literally force those who do not believe in the new order to believe. After all, human nature is changeable and easily changed, but difficult to maintain in a certain persuasion, after which force is necessary to maintain it. And once created through great difficulty, it is then easy to maintain, as under the prince’s rule, the need for force will lessen, since those who would rebel are eliminated and the ruler gains reputation and respect from his subjects. The examples of such principalities and rulers Machiavellie provides are of Moses, Cyrus, Romulus and Theseus. In the first example of Moses, Machiavelli admits that the lines are a bitShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Machiavelli s The Prince 1370 Words   |  6 Pagesman. Niccolo Machiavelli and Immanuel Kant are political philosophers who have grappled with these very relationships. Machiavelli wrote The Prince over three centuries before the process of Italian unification had begun. The Italian Peninsula was fragmented and could not stand on its own especially compared to the unified powers like Spain and France. It is from this weak position that the Republic of Florence falls costing Machiavelli his own political power. And so, Machiavelli writes his bookRead MoreAnalysis Of Machiavelli s The Prince 1505 Words   |  7 Pagessignificance in each text. Machiavelli believed that, â€Å"a ruler must think only of military matters, and in time of peace he should be even more oc cupied with them than in times of war† (The Prince, 46). Furthermore, â€Å"he will never relax during peacetime, but will always be working to take advantage of the opportunities peace presents, so he will be fully prepared when adversity comes. When his luck changes, he must be ready to fight back† (The Prince, 47). Therefore, according to Machiavelli during periods ofRead MoreAnalysis of Machiavelli ´s The Prince605 Words   |  2 PagesThe great philosopher Niccolo Machiavelli, having such beliefs, puts to rest man’s downfall and presents that way to preservation in his book The Prince, which produces an effective guide for political action based off of his own philosophical beliefs and history’s past. The Prince rest on the principle that, above all, the foundation for a ruler’s success is within verita effettuale—or, the effectiveness of a prince’s rule. Machiavelli urges rulers to focus on acting in ways that will result in Read MoreAnalysis Of Niccolo Machiavelli s The Prince 1625 Words   |  7 Pageswell-known Renaissance thinker, Niccolo Machiavelli, was one of those philosophers whose political views caused an uproar during earlier centuries. His view on effective leadership was rather harsh and not exactly adopted in the Italian society. As a Renaissance citizen, Machiavelli proved his writing skills through a number of works such as short stories, plays, and histories. His more popular works included those call the Discourses on Livy and The Prince-which will be described further more inRead MoreAn Analysis Of Niccolo Machiavelli s The Prince 941 Words   |  4 PagesNiccolo Machiavelli and Karl Marx developed theories concerning wealth and poverty in our society, as well as different types of governments. For instance, Machiavelli supported a capitalist economic system, unlike Marx, who embraced socialism in the society. Machiavelli wrote a book The Prince that explained how to be an effect ive leader. The theme of the book is the end justifies the means. A person could or should do whatever is necessary to achieve the desired goal. According to MachiavelliRead MoreAnalysis Of Nicolo Machiavelli s The Prince1536 Words   |  7 PagesNicolà ³ Machiavelli’s The Prince highlights important aspects of successful leadership and power. The representations of gender and power in this text help to display the principles and guidelines that would make a leader successful in Machiavelli’s eyes. Throughout The Prince, Machiavelli implies that an individual with good morals will not obtain power, but rather that an individual who obtains power is assumed as morally upright by the people. One may wonder how a man whose reputation was a worshipperRead MoreAnalysis Of Homer s Odyssey And Machiavelli s The Prince2325 Words   |  10 Pagesthe ideas of tradition and change as is seen in Homer’s Odyssey and Machiavelli’s The Prince. Both of these works fo cus a bit on the change from God to self, religion to self-awareness. In Homer’s Odyssey, the long held tradition that the gods of Mount Olympus controlled one’s fate changed into the people forgoing their beliefs and believing they were able to create their own destiny. For Machiavelli and The Prince, a similar change occurred, but this change focused on politics and preserving oneselfRead MoreEssay on Machiavellis The Prince: Politics, War, and Human Nature1334 Words   |  6 PagesMachiavellis The Prince: Politics, War, and Human Nature [I]t is necessary for a prince to know well how to use the beast and the man. (Machiavelli, The Prince, p. 69[1]). In this swift blow, Niccolà ² Machiavelli seems to strike down many visions of morality put up on pedestals by thinkers before his time. He doesnt turn to God or to some sort of common good for his political morality. Instead, he turns to the individual?more specifically, self-preservation in a position ofRead MoreNiccolo Machiavelli s The Prince1719 Words   |  7 PagesMachiavelli’s, The Prince, a book written by Niccolà ² Machiavelli, is a read that most people wouldn’t prefer to read as a first option but in defense to Niccolo, it brings out many themes such as Goodwill and Hatred, Free will, and Human Nature. â€Å"It is known from his personal correspondence that The Prince was written during 1513, the year after the Medici took control of Florence, and a few months after Machiavelli s arrest, torture, and banishment by the Medici re gime† (Bio.com). The novel wasRead MoreSocrates And Machiavelli1681 Words   |  7 Pagespersona technically impossible. To claim that Socrates would or would not be supportive of any political system might then seem irresponsible, a presumptuous analysis not fitting for an academic recognizing the false equivalence between Socrates’ philosophy and Machiavelli’s political ethics. The strategy to conduct any sort of liable and valid analysis is not to wholly ignore the â€Å"political† part of the system but to evaluate the ethics behind the systems. The goal of this essay will be to compare and

Imagine being confined in a cold cage, trembling, isolated...

Imagine being confined in a cold cage, trembling, isolated and deprived from the outside world you once lived in; suddenly realizing your life is now in the palms of a large human in a white lab coat. Every year in the United States, more than 25 million animals partake in biomedical experimentation, product and cosmetic testing, and science education (Neavs). With countless effective, reliable, and beneficial alternatives relating to the human species for which the drug is for, there lies a question of why we continue to forfeit millions of innocent animal lives. Let alone being unwillingly imprisoned and inhumanely treated, animal experimentation costs not only innocent lives but delay of discovery in medical research and debt up to†¦show more content†¦Many drugs, medicines, and operations that could benefit humans may never be discovered, for they produced no diagnosis in animal tests. Although drugs that fail in animal experiments rarely appear tested on humans, there h ave been a few evident cases determined. For example, while Lipitor did not appear promising in early stages of animal testing, a research scientist requested that a small group of healthy human volunteers tested the drug, and only then was it found effective and useful. â€Å"In many instances, medical discoveries are delayed as researchers vainly waste time, money, effort, and animal lives trying to create an animal model of a human disease† (Aavs). As well as inhumane treatment and delay of discovery existing as main flaws in animal testing, cost plays a role just as large. An exceptional amount of animal cruelty is supported by the National Institutes of Health, which designates 40% of their annual research budget and funding to animal testing. Animal research and experimentation is a billion-dollar industry, in which more money is lost than gained. Animal importers, breeders, dealers, cage and equipment manufacturers, feed producers, and drug companies spend a significant amount of money on procurement, handling, and upkeep of animals (Neavs). While research founded from animals does not always promise useful results, it is safe to conclude that

Laundry Management Based on RFID-.com

Question: Using an Internet search explore an internet of thing project currently underway or already in place provide a detail account of the issue it respond to and outline its key features. Answer: Introduction The IoT that is described in this assessment is about Radio Frequency Identification Technology (Gan, Aw Sheng, 2016). RFID are used to track items and identify the items. In this modern world that includes technology to a great extend, RFID is an excellent technology for identification. The features of RFID are they are very fast in identifying many numbers of tags at a time and are has a capability of wireless reading from several meters. The latest IoT technology among all is the Identification with Radio Frequency technology (Gubbi et al., 2013). If an object is shown digitally, it is much easier to control the object from distant places with higher capability. A broad area of Automatic Identification System (Auto-ID) is the RFID system. The project that is chosen to explain RFID system in this assessment is laundry management. The RFID technology helps to improve the efficiency and effectiveness in managing the laundry and also simplify the operations (Patton et al., 2014). Tracking and maintaining a laundry manually is very difficult. To obtain a detail record of all the things, it requires a demanding labour to count record and separate the data and inserting them manually in the computer. Experienced laundry management is needed for productive laundry management and profitable cost. An Auto-ID RFID technology is useful for adding data to the stock systems (Li et al., 2014). The effort and time for shipping, receiving and shipping the laundry are managed by the RFID technology automatically (Chung, 2014). This provides accountability and control in laundry circulation process. In RFID, the status, last recorded time, information of the material, conditions of washing and number of washing cycles that are left are recorded in the system (Liao Hsiao, 2014). The basic components that are necessary in this practical application are tags and readers, the software of RFID technology, and all the design that is accumulately needed. Solution with features For overcoming process of laundry management RFID modular system is used. The processes that are used in managing the laundry are- Expedition from the laundry- Clothes are packed and selected accordingly ready to send to the destination and delivery is prepared. Move the clean items to the destination- Delivery of the items are done to the destination from where they were bought. Expedition in the destination- Expedition of clothes is done in the destination. Users- The clean clothes are kept in the proper place and the numbers of newly added clothes are recorded. Collection service- In collection service, the dirty clothes is again collected in the centralized point and after all the collections are completed, they are accumulately taken to the laundry again. Move the items back to laundry- The dirty items are collected and move to the laundry for washing, drying and ironing. Receiving of items- The items are collected and recorded the number of items that are to be cleaned and washed. Washing, drying and ironing- The items are finally washed, cleaned and ironed with proper care. If repair is needed then the repairmen is done Diagram depicting the methods of Laundry Management Fig: Process of Laundry Management Use Case Initialization of Laundry Management Fig: Use Case of Laundry Management Working Process The main goal of the project is to realize the SW module that is complex in acquiring the data from readers, providing data for evaluation, filtering, unifying or storing the data in the database by the use of a database server (Moatari-Kazerouni et al., 2017). For unifying and filtering purposes, IoT middleware controls process of reading to all the advance raw data and connected readers collected from an antenna that consists of information regarding the tags only in communication area of antenna and some of the readers also adds RSSI information to that. Data that are collected are processed, filtered, and analyzed for certaining direction of that passage (Chen, 2014). The information is shipped to a higher system in single report iteration. The lowest level of SW module is thecommunication layer that gives a different protocol of communication according to demanded protocols by different readers and from distinct manufacturers. Other rules of communication are added by the develo pers and this layer of communication is made universal. Mainly two protocols are implemented. First is the standardized Low Level Reader Protocol (LLRP) and then is the proprietary protocol that is defined for a particular manufacturer (Besore Beyerle, 2014). The LLRP supports a larger part of high standard RFID readers. This LLRP protocol gives a control to the air protocol and also arranges the control of the air protocol of RFID operating timing. Data are processed in LLRP from a single tag of RFID in EPC (Electronic Product Code) form and building of reader. Advantages and disadvantages of RFID based IoT The advantage of using the RFID technology is the way to use LLRP reader along with different manufactures and creates a tenderized interface (Rayes Salam, 2017). There are many disadvantages as well. The advantages are as follows- Detection of tag does not require human intervention. RFID tags have longer reading range. Adverse conditions cannot change the sensitivity of tag. The disadvantages are as follows- RFID systems are more expensive. RFID are difficult to understand. Tags that are used in RFID are much longer than the barcode labels. Conclusion This assessment sheds a light on the importance of IoT in this modern era. Based on IoT, details of RFID technology is described briefly. The RFID technology used in the project describes a laundry management. This paper illustrates the use of RFID technology to improve and simplify the operations if the laundry management. RFID reader is a wireless technology which makes the technology so much useful. RFID also lessens the cost of software. References Gubbi, J., Buyya, R., Marusic, S., Palaniswami, M. (2013). Internet of Things (IoT): A vision, architectural elements, and future directions.Future generation computer systems,29(7), 1645-1660. Patton, M., Gross, E., Chinn, R., Forbis, S., Walker, L., Chen, H. (2014, September). Uninvited connections: a study of vulnerable devices on the internet of things (IoT). InIntelligence and Security Informatics Conference (JISIC), 2014 IEEE Joint(pp. 232-235). IEEE. Li, Y., Nakasone, T., Ohta, K., Sakiyama, K. (2014, January). Privacy-mode switching: Toward flexible privacy protection for RFID tags in Internet of Things. InConsumer Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC), 2014 IEEE 11th(pp. 519-520). IEEE. Liao, Y. P., Hsiao, C. M. (2014). A secure ECC-based RFID authentication scheme integrated with ID-verifier transfer protocol.Ad Hoc Networks,18, 133-146. Chung, S. B. (2014). Clothing Management System Using the Smart Hanger Embedded RFID.Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers,51(8), 185-194. Gan, O. P., Aw, L. L., Sheng, H. (2016, November). Reliable RFID bulk reading using adaptive time and power control. InRegion 10 Conference (TENCON), 2016 IEEE(pp. 130-134). IEEE. Besore, J. K., Beyerle, M. T. (2014).U.S. Patent No. 8,730,018. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Rayes, A., Salam, S. (2017). The Things in IoT: Sensors and Actuators. InInternet of Things From Hype to Reality(pp. 57-77). Springer International Publishing. Moatari-Kazerouni, A., Moatari-Kazerouni, A., Bendavid, Y., Bendavid, Y. (2017). Improving logistics processes of surgical instruments: case of RFID technology.Business Process Management Journal,23(2), 448-466. Chen, C. C. (2014). RFID-based intelligent shopping environment: a comprehensive evaluation framework with neural computing approach.Neural Computing and Applications,25(7-8), 1685-1697.

Emperor Kang-hsi Ruled China From 1661 To 1722 And His Reign Is Captu

Emperor K'ang-hsi ruled China from 1661 to 1722 and his reign is captured by Jonathan D. Spence's book Emperor of China. The different chapters of the book deal with certain aspects of the Emperors life. Aspects that the history books to normally deal with. The information in Spence's book is based on Emperor K'ang-hsi's correspondence, his own writings. This writing maybe biased towards himself, but no other piece of information could provide insight into his mind. The book is divided into six parts; In motion, Ruling, Thinking, Growing Old, Sons, Valedictory. The book follows Emperor K'ang-hsi's life as Emperor in chronological order. In the first part, "In Motion," the main emphasis was on Emperor K'ang-hsi travels though his kingdom. He wrote a letter to Ku Wen-hsing stating that he had traveled 1000's of miles in each direction. He had traveled to the provinces of Shansi and Shensi in the west, to the provinces of Manchuria and Ula in the east, north across the Gobi to the Kerulean River and south to the Yangtze River. On his travels, Emperor K'ang-hsi, liked to collect and compare different plats, animals, birds that he came across. He loved to hunt with bows and guns during his travels. Emperor K'ang-hsi hunting practices were not just meant for joy and exercise, it was also an exercise in military preparedness. He took thousands of his troops on many of his trips to train them in shooting, camp life, and formation riding. The second part of the book emphasis on the historiographically part of the emperors rule. The authors' facts were based on the thousands of imperial documents that came from the emperor. The author was able to piece together the kind to government that existed. The central bureaucracy of emperor K'ang-hsi's China was composed of a metropolitan division and a provincial division. The metropolitan division was supervised by four to six Grand Secretaries and were directed by the presidents and vice-presidents of the Six Boards. The provinces were divided into six province blocks, controlled by s governor-general. Each province was divided into prefectures and each prefecture was subdivided into counties controlled by a magistrate. Ruling to Emperor K'ang-hsi meant he had compete control for his economical and educational structure. He also felt that he was responsible for the life and death of subjects. The third part of the book is "Thinking," that deals with Emperor K'ang-hsi perspective on his life and of his subjects. Emperor K'ang-hsi believed in Neo- Confucianism and often refereed to it as the Confucian Classic. In different parts of the Emperors life he was interested in geometry, astronomy, cartography, medicine, and math. He took advantage in the free time a ruler has to expand his mind. The section "Growing Old" showed that Emperor K'ang-hsi recognized that the human body was fallible. He tried to prolong his life with an awareness into his diet, medicine and memory. He tried to obtain public sympathy with his openness towards his health, thus gaining the there trust and support in hard times. K'ang-hsi recognized that admission to his physical weakness was the ultimate honestly but preventing physical weakness was the ultimate common sense. Practicing medicine under Emperor K'ang-hsi was a highly specialized practice. He had large groups of men for diagnosis and treatment. In the end, K'ang-hsi knew that death was enviable, but he tried to live forever though his children. K'ang-hsi had fifty-six children in his life time, but only one was born to his first wife. This son was to be raised as the heir to the throne, he received the most care and love that the Emperor could give. From an early age, K'ang-hsi eldest son knew he would inherit the throne. Many officials also knew that the son would inherit the throne and thus tried to gain favors with the son. Different officials also tried to jockey for position with the government. Emperor did not look kindly towards this. This political theme is the basis for the chapter named "Sons." Thirty years after Emperor K'ang-hsi was helped into power by his uncle Songgotu, he had Sonnggotu executed. Shortly after Sonnggotu was killed, Emperor K'ang-hsi had his sons killed also. In 1712 the garrison commander of Peking was put to death in fear of the commander gaining to much power. Emperor K'ang-hsi was very protective of his sons. When he suspected that his son Yin-jeng has indulging in homosexual activities, K'ang-hsi had three cooks and the serving boys put to death. He suspected that the cooks and servers were engaging Emperor Kang-hsi Ruled China From 1661 To 1722 And His Reign Is Captu Emperor K'ang-hsi ruled China from 1661 to 1722 and his reign is captured by Jonathan D. Spence's book Emperor of China. The different chapters of the book deal with certain aspects of the Emperors life. Aspects that the history books to normally deal with. The information in Spence's book is based on Emperor K'ang-hsi's correspondence, his own writings. This writing maybe biased towards himself, but no other piece of information could provide insight into his mind. The book is divided into six parts; In motion, Ruling, Thinking, Growing Old, Sons, Valedictory. The book follows Emperor K'ang-hsi's life as Emperor in chronological order. In the first part, ?In Motion," the main emphasis was on Emperor K'ang-hsi travels though his kingdom. He wrote a letter to Ku Wen-hsing stating that he had traveled 1000's of miles in each direction. He had traveled to the provinces of Shansi and Shensi in the west, to the provinces of Manchuria and Ula in the east, north across the Gobi to the K erulean River and south to the Yangtze River. On his travels, Emperor K'ang-hsi, liked to collect and compare different plats, animals, birds that he came across. He loved to hunt with bows and guns during his travels. Emperor K'ang-hsi hunting practices were not just meant for joy and exercise, it was also an exercise in military preparedness. He took thousands of his troops on many of his trips to train them in shooting, camp life, and formation riding. The second part of the book emphasis on the historiographically part of the emperors rule. The authors' facts were based on the thousands of imperial documents that came from the emperor. The author was able to piece together the kind to government that existed. The central bureaucracy of emperor K'ang-hsi's China was composed of a metropolitan division and a provincial division. The metropolitan division was supervised by four to six Grand Secretaries and were directed by the presidents and vice-presidents of the Six Boards. The provinces were divided into six province blocks, controlled by s governor-general. Each province was divided into prefectures and each prefecture was subdivided into counties controlled by a magistrate. Ruling to Emperor K'ang-hsi meant he had compete control for his economical and educational structure. He also felt that he was responsible for the life and death of subjects. The third part of the book is ?Thinking,? that deals with Emperor K'ang-hsi perspective on his life and of his subjects. Emperor K'ang-hsi believed in Neo- Confucianism and often refereed to it as the Confucian Classic. In different parts of the Emperors life he was interested in geometry, astronomy, cartography, medicine, and math. He took advantage in the free time a ruler has to expand his mind. The section ?Growing Old? showed that Emperor K'ang-hsi recognized that the human body was fallible. He tried to prolong his life with an awareness into his diet, medicine and memory. He tried to obtain public sympathy with his openness towards his health, thus gaining the there trust and support in hard times. K'ang-hsi recognized that admission to his physical weakness was the ultimate honestly but preventing physical weakness was the ultimate common sense. Practicing medicine under Emperor K'ang-hsi was a highly specialized practice. He had large groups of men for diagnosis and treatment. In the end, K'ang-hsi knew that death was enviable, but he tried to live forever though his children. K'ang-hsi had fifty-six children in his life time, but only one was born to his first wife. This son was to be raised as the heir to the throne, he received the most care and love that the Emperor could give. From an early age, K'ang-hsi eldest son knew he would inherit the throne. Many officials also knew that the son would inherit the throne and thus tried to gain favors with the son. Different officials also tried to jockey for position with the government. Emperor did not look kindly towards this. This political theme is the basis for the chapter named ?Sons.? Thirty years after Emperor K'ang-hsi was helped into power by his uncle Songgotu, he had Sonnggotu executed. Shortly after Sonnggotu was killed, Emperor K'ang-hsi had his sons killed also. In 1712 the garrison commander

Characterize Phaedra in terms of her sense of morality essays

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Thought Piece Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Different Jolmohals And There Locations Environmental Sciences Essay

Different Jolmohals And There Locations Environmental Sciences Essay The fisheries sector of Bangladesh is a quick yielding sector, which augments growth and can contribute to poverty reduction. The 4.57 million hectors of available inland water bodies contribute 80% of the total fish production and offers a great opportunity for the poor fishing community to have an improved income through increased production. 12.2 million People use this water bodies as their source of income (both direct and indirect) that comprises 24.6% of the total employment of Bangladesh. Around 0.77 million fishermen are dependent on the availability of public water bodies for their livelihood. However, in spite of having abundance of inland water resources, the fisheries sector is not experiencing its full potential growth in terms of employment generation, increased production and demand for nutrition because of the improper distributions of these inland water resources. Most of the fishers are poor and in the fisheries sector this poverty is associated with economic exclu sion from high value water bodies, social marginalisation of traditional fishers, class exploitation by moneylenders and leaseholders, and political disempowerment from decisions affecting fisher livelihoods. The inland fisheries sector includes baor, coastal aquaculture, river and estuaries, beels and haors, lake, flood plains, canals and ditches and together they called Jolmohal. A more formal definition of jolmohal according to the Jolmohal management policy 2009 is Jolmohal is a waterbody where water remains in some times or throughout the year and is known as Haor, Baor, Beel, Jheel, Pond, Ditch, Lake, Dighi, Khal, River, Sea etc. Such Jolmohals can be closed or open. Closed Jolmohal will have defined boundary whereas open Jolmohal will not. The power of distributing this jolmohal among the people is held by the government. However, it has been noted that this distribution is not fair. Most of the benefit is being enjoyed by the middlemen and other powerful non- fisher people. This is creating a financial as well as a social cost. Social welfare is suffering; the neediest people are being ignored. But the government has an obligation towards them and there needs should get priority and policies should be taken to ensure that. Different Jolmohals and There Locations: As stated earlier jolmohal is a water body, which consist of different types of inland fishery sector and they can be found in different areas of the country. As a first step in trying to sort out a rather complex situation, it is helpful to distinguish different types of naturally occurring water bodies. In addition to rivers and floodplains, this category includes a number of other entities that are outlined below Figure: Types of naturally occurring water body Name Definition Where found Haor Low lying depressions between two or more rivers functioning as small internal drainage basins North-East Beel Lakelike depressions, sometimes found within haors retaining water permanently or for the greater part of the year. Adjoining beels may merge into a single continuous sheet of water under a unified floodplain during the wetter part of the year Almost everywhere Khals Drainage channels connecting beels to adjacent rivers Almost everywhere Baor Ox-bow lake made of former meandering bends in river that got cut-off from the main stream. Not strictly part of the open-water system Jessore,Jhenaidah, Kushtia Beyond this, and with regard to the wider category of water bodies as a whole, a number of further distinctions are important. Individual water bodies may be: Naturally occurring or constructed by individuals and communities. For example- Kaptai Lake. The only large artificial inland is Kaptai reservoir formed as a consequences of hydro- electric dam completed in 1963 and which has flooded over 76,600 ha of pristine forested valleys and cultivated land in the Chittagong hill tracks. State (khas) or privately owned Closed where fish cannot move beyond their boundaries and can therefore readily be privately appropriated or open where they can move freely. Open access or leased for private individual use Seasonal in which case all fish must be harvested in a single season, or perennial with potential to build up stocks for harvesting in later years Waqf estates and Debottar property, which support Muslim and Hindu religious organisations respectively. Policies and issues taken over the YEARS: From the British period to the present day, a number of fisheries policies, regulations and acts have been introduced for the management of water bodies and other fishery resources. Prior to 1757 fishers and farmers had customary rights over open water fisheries including rivers, land depressions, lakes, oxbow lakes and floodplains. At that, time fisheries were managed by local fishing community as common property under various system of tenure. During early stages of British administration, fishers had some customary rights over all water bodies. The situation changed in 1793 when Zamindars were granted rights (jalmohal) over rivers and other waters under the Permanent Settlement Act which was designed to generate revenue for the Colonial Government. As with land, these were then sub-divided among jotedars, using a leasing system that has continued with only slight modification until the present day. In the large majority of cases, the lessees (Ijaradars) were not fishermen themselves. The fishermen they controlled were low caste Hindus. The most able of these over time became informal managers, collecting tolls and taxes on behalf of the jotedars. Muslims generally did not fish, but some lower status Muslims did became traders. Therefore, during the 19th and 20th centuries the colonial state created a legal and regulatory framework, which favored landlords and leaseholders who were drawn largely from the non fishing class and groups and who increasingly saw their water tax rights as valuable commercial and financial assets t hat needed to be protected from unauthorized fishers. The fishers had to come to some agreement with them in order to survive. After the partition of India in 1947, the new state of Pakistan abolished the zamidari system in 1950 and took control of waterways through the State Acquisition and Tenancy Act 1950 and the Department of Revenue assumed responsibility for all jalmohal outside Reserved Forest areas. Therefore, a large number of these water bodies were now owned by the state but property rights over them was temporarily transferred to the fishers mainly through a leasing process. From 1950 to 1965, open auction of leasing water bodies started where highest bidder were granted lease. The method of fixing the maximum revenue prior to auction was to average the last three terms lease value than to increase it by 10%. In fixing the lease value, the productivity of fishery was not considered. The aim of the leasing policy was to raise state revenue. However, during 1965 in an attempt to help poor fishermen, preference in the granting of jamohal was given to fishermens co-operative societies registered with the Dept of Co-operatives After the independence the government of Bangladesh took several policies in regard to the jolmohal management which have been described below- 1973- 1974: Preference was given to registered fishers cooperatives in leasing out the water bodies provided the cooperative agreed to pay highest bid money, the numbers of which as a result mushroomed. However, this provision was easily circumvented, with former Ijaradars generally using co-ops as fronts, taking jalmohals on sublease arrangements and retaining effective control. 1974- 1984: Under a presidential order, all jalmohals were transferred from MOL to the Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock. Initial attempts were made to move from purely revenue-based to more sustainable systems of management, but before this could not be fully implemented. Restrictions placed on leasing out water bodies to the registered fisher cooperative societies through negotiation for 1-year lease for river and canal and 3 year lease for closed and semi closed types of fisheries such as lake, boar and ponds. If such a fishers association was not available or the terms and conditions of lease were not acceptable to the government then the water bodies would put up for open auction where anybody including the non-fishers could bid. 1984 1986: Leasing to the fishers cooperative societies through negotiation was replaced by open auction system but limited to fishers cooperative societies. Open auction system of leasing water bodies was subsequently changed to bidding by sealed tender system, all other conditions remaining unchanged. Jalmohals 20 acres reverted to MOL control. 1986- 1995: To ensure biological management of fishery resources and to establish the right of fishers to water bodies a licensing introduced under the New Fisheries Management Policy (NFMP) in 1986 in selected location and the affected jalmohals were placed under direct management of the Department of Fisheries. The aim of this policy was to reserve some water bodies for genuine fisherman defined as those who depended on full time fishing for livelihoods. The leasing system was abolished and fishing rights were directly licensed to fishers. Credit was made available, and different institutional arrangements (including NGO management) were explored. Progress was slow, with MOL unwilling to give up its major source of income under circumstances where net revenue from land was very small and other vested interests were opposed. Annual gear specific harvests were introduced to ease the pressure on fisheries by regulating the harvests. Limited user rights to genuine fishermen were meant to ensure that they received a greater share of the fishing income. Nevertheless, this had limited success and government revenue decreased; fishers sometimes failed to pay license fees on time because of the failure to link the license fee with the productivity and biological potential of the water bodies, so for many fishers the license fees were too high and increased yearly which overtime put them out of reach of many. In addition, non-fishers continued to control water bodies assisted by wealthier fishers. Because of the failure, this policy ended in 1996 since when project based approaches involving communities have been adopted. 1995- 1996 (Open Access Policy): Leasing system for flowing rivers was abolished and fishing was declared open to all free of cost except to those who catch fish by using mechanized boats. The policy was established for the benefit of poor fishers but as there was, no control fishing pressure increased greatly and threatened fish stocks. Additionally influential people and mastans were reported as controlling the rights to river water bodies in some areas and to have harassed and exploited fishers. Community Based Fisheries Management Project: The CBFM Project started field activities in different locations from late 1995 to mid 1997. The project is a partnership of government (DOF), five NGOs Caritas, Proshika, BRAC, Banchte Shekha and CRED, and ICLARM. CBFM is a partnership arrangement where management responsibility is shared between the government and fishing communities. Under this approach, the users can participate to the management of fisheries to ensure its sustainable use and equitable distribution of benefits. The Fourth Fisheries Project: This project started in 2000, involved the NGOs extensively for empowering the fishing community so that the community of project beneficiaries, i.e., the fishers, could retain the benefits of mitigatory and compensatory interventions undertaken by the project. The project involved 14 NGOs in 49 sites for empowering community institutions. In essence, they were posted to ward off the capture attempts made by the rural elites by empowering the fishers. The Water Body Management Policy 2005 and its shortcomings: Although the 2005 policy aimed at ensuring full access of poor fishermen into the public water bodies, however there were several drawbacks and constraints in its implementation as follows: The revenue centric policy only allowed the affluent people to get lease and left out the poor fishermen. Did not specify the property rights of the lease holder to be bankable. Insufficient coordination and discussion on the leasing strategies among the relevant ministries and stakeholders. Lack of encouragement and involvement of private sector investment. The short term leasing policy held back the fishermen from introducing any scientific cultivation method. Jolmohal Management Policy 2009: The government adopted the Jalmahal Management Policy-2009 with the cabinet approval on June 23 through bringing some changes to that of 2005. These changes or amendments are- While the Upazilla fisheries officer will recommend whether the shamity members are actually fishermen or not, the Upazilla Water Body Management Committee will prepare and finalize the fishermen group living adjacent to a particular water body. The management committee headed by a deputy commissioner (DC) is authorised to lease out khas jalmahal among the community. Local lawmakers have been made advisers to the district and upazila committees with the upazila chairmen alternative advisers to the upazila committees Any fishermen community / group / shamity living adjacent to an water body will be become the beneficiary of that particular water body. The lease period for the closed water bodies up to 20 acres has increased to 3 years from only 1 year. The lease-holders are not allowed to sub-lease the water bodies and must use it only for fish production. The Upazilla and District water body management committee will consist of representatives from the private sector, civil society, department of agriculture and law enforcement agency. The District Commissioner (DC) will annually update the list of public water body and notify in the notice board, local dailies and websites for the stakeholders. The public water bodies under different ministries will be allocated to the fishermen or samity instead of previous target group. The commercial banks and financial institutions will provide loan to the fishermen or their community in order to scientifically manage the leased water bodies. A database will be prepared and updated with information regarding the public water bodies of the country. Ministry of land will introduce public private partnership to manage the water bodies for improving the lives of the fisherman. A coordination committee comprising of concerned ministries will be formed at national level for the proper management of public water bodies. Even though the Jolmohal Management Policy 2009 is a better policy than the previous one, but still there are some problems regarding this policy, they are- Jalmahal management policy does not effectively safeguard the interests of the actual grassroots fishermen. The provision for keeping local lawmakers and upazila chairmen as advisers in the management committee will create scope for politicisation and conflict. The genuine fishermen community will not be benefited with a management dominated by bureaucrats In summary from the 18th century to the present, Bangladeshs jolmohals management has been dominated by private leasing and controlled by non- fishers business and political elites. Most of the policies and rule instituted during this period led to a transfer of property rights from the traditional fishers to the socially powerful agents, the leases and other commercially non- fishers interest. Reasons for the failure of these policies The polices taken over the years to manage the jolmohal by the government hasnt been successful as the genuine fishermen didnt get the benefit but the middle man enjoyed it. Therefore, social welfare actually did not increase. To look it more closely we can take each of this policy and examine their problems. The first policy taken was, lease system, which was used to increase the government revenue, so lease was granted to the highest bidder. Due to lack of capital and the control of local political authorities by non fishing interest group fishers were outbid or there cooperative was controlled by outside finances and the lease was allocated to the non-fishing population who wanted to make profit, which did not help the poor fishermen. Similarly, the open auctioning system failed which also granted the right to the non-fishing population. The problem with the licensing system was that while determining the license fee they did not link it with the productivity and biological potential of the water bodies. Therefore, for many fishermen the licensee fee was too high. In addition, government failed to provide them with technical financial support, there was also a continuous threat from other interest group. This put a pressure on the fishermen and the benefit from the licensing declined. Another policy taken was, open access fishing. As with the other policy, in this case also the influential people controlled the rights to river water bodies. Furthermore, the open access system put a pressure on the resource since to maximize the profit nobody gave a thought to the issue of sustainability. To overcome the problem with the middlemen the NGOs stepped in and there intervention helped many but in time some corruption was also noted. Most of the time they were given free rein so they had the tendency to exploit the power. The recent jolmohal policies have considered the environmental aspects, restricted the subleasing system and the intervention of the non- fishing community. However, since all this have to done on the district level there is still sufficient chance of the middlemen and other local powerful interest groups intervention. Therefore, there is a good possibility that this policy will not be successful in ensuring the welfare of the fishermen. Possible Solution As we can see, no form of ijahara or leasing process has been very successful in ensuring the welfare of the fishers. There can be several possible solutions to this but the most effective would be to create an aquaculture for the fisherman. In other words, the fishing right should be given to the fishers directly for a long period, at a minimum cost to enable them to pay the amount and the government should oversee the progress. This will save them from the middlemens intervention. If the fishers have the exclusive right to fish then they themselves would think of the sustainability issue and this will also give them incentive, so productivity will increase. This right to the fishermen should be given on a community basis. The government revenue may decrease from this process but they can earn more revenue from the export of the fish. To improve the situation and to protect the genuine fishermen, they need to be empowered with monetary and logistic help and capacity building. For th is purpose, the government needs to give them the support. Therefore, instead of an ijahara process if there is a cooperation among the government and the fishers then there is a possibility of increased in fishers welfare. Conclusion As we have seen from the earlier discussion that the proper distribution of jolmohal is very important both from the financial and social perspective. However, the policies taken since 1757 have only been successful in depriving the fishermens from their natural right to fish from the water and the situation has worsened overtime. To improve the situation the only possible and viable solution possible is the cooperative one because a proper and necessary monitoring is not possible of the ijhara system which is increasing the social cost and benefiting the non-fishers. Therefore, government needs to consider the cooperative system to ensure the welfare of the fishers. References: Islam ,Gazi Md. Nurul. Abdullah, Nik Mustapha Raja. Viswanathan, K. Kuperan. Yew ,Tai Shzee . AUGMENTING FISHERS WELFARE AND LIVELIHOOD ASSETS THROUGH COMMUNITY BASED MANAGEMENT IN BANGLADESH Thompson, Dr. Paul. FISHING RIGHTS AND ACCESS MACH THOMPSON, P.M., P. SULTANA, M.N. ISLAM, M.M. KABIR, M.M. HOSSAIN and M.S. KABIR. An Assessment of Co-management Arrangements Developed by the Community Based Fisheries Management Project in Bangladesh CBFM Project 1999 Government Jolmohal Management Policy, 2009 Ministry of Land; 23 June, 2009 Govt to revise Jalmahal Management Policy to increase fish production The Financial Express 8 September 2008 Inland Open Water Management Jalmahal policy wont help grassroots fishermen The Daily Star , 26 July,2009 LAND POLICY AND ADMINISTRATION IN BANGLADESH, CARE SDU Reports and Studies, Land policy Literature Review Final, May 2003 Public Water Body Management Policy 2009 Beginning of a new era for the poor fishermen of Bangladesh News Issue 3, 18 August 2009

Problem of Proliferation :: essays research papers

The Problem of Proliferation There is a controversy as to the meaning of proliferation. Proliferation is the process of deadly weapons being bought and sold in the market place of corruption and greed. Government leaders are playing a deadly game by implementing creation of foreign policies that are set to obtain goals, yet sponsor actions that contradict those goals. The chapter argues that we must be able to evaluate the facts and separate them from our emotions concerning the situation. The Problem of Defining Proliferation Henry Sokolski stated in 1993 that even the intelligence community has not been able to define the term proliferation adequately. The military, intelligence agencies, terrorist organizations and diplomats will all define the term differently because of their different perspectives. Although there is controversy in the exact meaning, I feel that the basic meaning is evident, which is nations who do not possess the deadly weapons of mass destruction attempt to obtain them by illegal methods. The Threat of Nuclear Proliferation Nuclear proliferation is the most feared form of proliferation, while terrorism is the most feared force that is suspected of having the ideological motivation ant the ways that the knowledge and resources are obtained to make it a real threat. A non-proliferation treaty was signed by a group of nations whom called themselves the â€Å"Nuclear Club.† This group considers themselves as being the arbitrators of the control of nuclear energy and nuclear weapons. There are states who argue this saying that they have the right to possess the weapons for their security. Scott Sagan argues this idea fearing that it may cause a chain reaction with other nations obtaining and even making their own nuclear weapons. Proof of this theory was made clear when explosions occurred during testing of weapons by Pakistan and India in May of 1998. The contradictions have been made evident and public in several articles and reports. In in 1995 the United States Department of Strategic Command suggested that the U.S. should give, as part of it’s persona that it will become â€Å"irrational and vindictive if it’s vital interest are attacted†. USA Today, in 1997 contained two articles in the same paper that contradicted each other. One of the articles stated that Chinese Military is developing high-tech weapons to win a war against the United States and the other was the US may sell nuclear technology to China. In 1998 Joseph Douglas Jr.

Does the Pursuit of Human Rights Strengthen or Weaken the Structure of International Society?

The concept of human rights can be traced as far as back as the theories of Natural Law which proposed the existence of universal moral standards, and Charter rights such as the Magna Carta. [1] However, they began to rise in importance after the horrors of the Second World War and then towards the end of the Cold War, which gave us many core human rights treaties such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). 2] Solidarists would claim that this increasing pursuit of human rights strengthens the structure of international society because as the fundamental members of the international community, the rights of individuals should take priority over the rights of states, and that this should be the main purpose of the United Nations. [3] However, even if the rights of individuals should be prioritised, it is crucial to preserve Westphalian principles to maintain international order.This essay will use a realist lens to argue that individuals are best served b y protecting the rights of states, and therefore the integrity of the state should always be maintained. It will demonstrate how this prioritisation of national interests has meant that in fact the pursuit of human rights has neither strengthened nor weakened the structure of international society, but rather has been used as a tool by states to preserve the status quo and maintain their position as the most powerful actors in international relations.It is possible to argue that to a certain extent the pursuit of human rights strengthens the structure of international society, if the structure of international society is taken to mean humans and the ways in which they interact. Solidarists would argue that individuals and not states are the ultimate members of international society and as such their rights should take precedence over norms of statehood like sovereignty and non-intervention. 4] Respecting human rights enables people to have personal security and freedom from violence , as well as freely pursue their social goals, thereby preserving order and strengthening international society. [5] Since the end of the Cold War many human rights treaties have been ratified and these are important because they provide non-state actors and individuals with something to which they can hold states accountable in the face of human rights abuses. 6] These treaties have also been important in creating a ‘human rights culture’, which is significant because it means that states are more pressured by their citizens to preserve and actively promote the preservation of human rights. [7] This was observed in the United States of America (USA) where domestic pressure led to the decision to intervene in Somalia. [8] This serves to strengthen international society because it empowers individuals to have a greater influence on international interactions.Additionally, solidarists would claim that the pursuit of human rights illustrates an underlying universal moralit y. [9] The recognition of this universal morality would help to align the behaviour and interactions of humans across the world, hence strengthening international society itself. However, even if individuals are taken to be the ultimate members of international society, it is states that form the structure of it because they are the means by which international relations occur.Hedley Bull argues that international society would be better served by upholding Westphalian principles because these help preserve order, as the principles of sovereignty and non-intervention prevent states from constantly invading each other and destabilising international society. [10] As individuals have chosen to politically organise themselves into states, the protection of the state should be paramount as the state is the arbiter of rights as well as the defence against foreign belligerence, enabling the preservation of freedom from violence and social security.Therefore, Westphalian principles are cru cial to the structure of international society because they ensure the integrity of the state and thus the protection of the individual. From this point of view it would seem that the pursuit of human rights actually weakens the structure of international society. In theory, important aspects of the human rights regime like humanitarian interventions and the International Criminal Court (ICC) threaten the integrity of states because they compromise Westphalian principles.One of the reasons the USA does not support the ICC is that it could potentially have universal jurisdiction without needing state consent. [11] Human rights treaties impose upon states external standards of justice which assume a universalism to the morality of human rights which cannot be proven to exist, thus compromising their freedom of action. [12] However, although the principle of pursuing human rights weakens the structure of international society, in practise it actually does very little to affect the stat us quo.States continue to be the most powerful actors in international relations and in general the human rights regime has done little to erode their Westphalian rights. States always act in accordance with their own national interests, and power politics are a strong motivating factor in interstate relations. [13] This leads to the widening of the ‘compliance gap’, where states only comply with human rights treaties when there is no reason for non-compliance; however when human rights clash with national security, the interests of the state are always prioritised. 14] States can even use human rights treaties as a shield against international pressure, because once a government ratifies a human rights treaty there is little else foreign actors can do, short of armed intervention. In essence, this allows states to ‘hide domestic human rights practises behind the veil of international law’. [15] Additionally, most of the core human rights treaties like the ICCPR were drafted and ratified during the Cold War. 16] Many states used ratification to gain political legitimacy but didn’t need to actually comply with them, such as the Helsinki Accords which the Soviet Union signed in order to gain political parity with the USA, but never intended to implement. [17]This illustrates the main reason why the pursuit of human rights does not affect the structure of international society – that there are no solid mechanisms for the enforcement of international law and thus no method of combating impunity. 18] Although they can use economic and political pressure, the only real way that states can force an unwilling state into compliance is through humanitarian interventions. Humanitarian interventions have also done little in reality to change the structure of international society as states do not generally engage in them, and when they do they are condemned by the international community. [19] When states intervene for humanitarian causes they still justify the use of force in terms of self-defence, as seen with the Vietnamese intervention in Cambodia, and Tanzania in Uganda. 20] Even when humanitarianism is stated as the primary justification, as with the NATO intervention in Kosovo, national interests always influence the states’ actions. NATO believed if it did not act then any future threats of military force would appear redundant, therefore felt compelled to intervene in Kosovo. [21] This shows that the main motivation was not the plight of the Kosovar people, rather the protection of stability in Europe and the maintenance of NATO credibility.The only case where an intervention would have truly been humanitarian was the crisis in Rwanda, where the lack of a threat to national security discouraged an intervention, leading the West to fall back on the Westphalian principles as an excuse not to expend resources. All of this demonstrates that the pursuit of human rights through humanitarian intervent ions has not affected the structure of international society because states use it to propagate their national interests and ignore it when it does not benefit them, thus preserving the status quo.Therefore in conclusion, while solidarists could argue that the pursuit of human rights strengthens the structure of international society by empowering individuals to pursue a life free from violence, in reality the human rights regime has done little to affect the status quo of international relations. States remain the most powerful actors and do not allow human rights to interfere with their national interests, complying with treaties only when non-compliance is not necessary. 22] There has been no erosion of the sovereignty of states because internationally there are no mechanisms for law enforcement, and so states have freedom to act according to their national interests. [23] Even humanitarian interventions do not affect the current state of Westphalian rights because they are rare, and when they are carried out it is always because it is in the interests of the intervening state to do so.Therefore the integrity of states is maintained because their sovereignty and right to non-intervention is preserved, allowing them to remain dominant in international relations and thus demonstrating that the pursuit of human rights does not weaken or strengthen the structure of international society, rather simply propagates the status quo.

The Wright Brothers and the First Flight of an Airplane

In 1899, after Wilbur Wright had written a letter of request to the Smithsonian Institution for information about flight experiments, the Wright Brothers designed their first aircraft. It was a small, biplane glider flown as a kite to test their solution for controlling the craft by wing warping. Wing warping is a method of arching the wingtips slightly to control the aircrafts rolling motion and balance. Lessons From Birdwatching The Wright Brothers spent a great deal of time observing birds in flight. They noticed that birds soared into the wind and that the air flowing over the curved surface of their wings created lift. Birds change the shape of their wings to turn and maneuver. They believed that they could use this technique to obtain roll control by warping or changing the shape, of a portion of the wing. The Gliders Experiments Over the next three years, Wilbur and his brother Orville would design a series of gliders that would be flown in both unmanned (as kites) and piloted flights. They read about the works of Cayley  and Langley and the hang-gliding flights of Otto Lilienthal. They corresponded with Octave Chanute concerning some of their ideas. They recognized that control of the flying aircraft would be the most crucial and hardest problem to solve. So following a successful glider test, the Wrights built and tested a full-size glider. They selected Kitty Hawk, North Carolina as their test site because of its wind, sand, hilly terrain and remote location. In the year 1900, the Wright brothers successfully tested their new 50-pound biplane glider with its 17-foot wingspan and wing-warping mechanism at Kitty Hawk in both unmanned and piloted flights. In fact, it was the first piloted glider. Based on the results, the Wright Brothers planned to refine the controls and landing gear, and build a bigger glider. In 1901, at Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina, the Wright Brothers flew the largest glider ever flown. It had  a 22-foot wingspan, a weight of nearly 100 pounds and skids for landing. However, many problems occurred. The wings did not have enough lifting power, the forward elevator was not effective in controlling the pitch and the wing-warping mechanism occasionally caused the airplane to spin out of control. In their disappointment, they predicted that man will probably not fly in their lifetime. In spite of the problems with their last attempts at flight, the Wright brothers  reviewed their test results and determined that the calculations they had used were not reliable. They decided to build a wind tunnel to test a variety of wing shapes and their effect on lift. Based upon these tests, the inventors had a greater understanding of how an airfoil (wing) works and could calculate with greater accuracy how well a particular wing design would fly. They planned to design a new glider with a 32-foot wingspan and a tail to help stabilize it. The Flyer In 1902, the Wright brothers flew numerous test glides using their new glider. Their studies showed that a movable tail would help balance the craft and so they connected a movable tail to the wing-warping wires to coordinate turns. With successful glides to verify their wind tunnel tests, the inventors planned to build a powered aircraft. After months of studying how propellers work, the Wright Brothers designed a motor and a new aircraft sturdy enough to accommodate the motors weight and vibrations. The craft weighed 700 pounds and came to be known as the Flyer. The  First Manned Flight The Wright brothers built a movable track to help launch the Flyer. This downhill track would help the aircraft gain enough airspeed to fly. After two attempts to fly this machine, one of which resulted in a minor crash, Orville Wright took the Flyer for a 12-second, sustained flight on December 17, 1903. This was the first successful powered and piloted flight in history. In 1904, the first flight lasting more than five minutes took place on November 9th. The Flyer II was flown by Wilbur Wright. In 1908, passenger flight took a turn for the worse when the first fatal air crash occurred on September 17. Orville Wright was piloting the plane. Orville Wright survived the crash, but his passenger, Signal Corps Lieutenant Thomas Selfridge, did not. The Wright Brothers had been allowing passengers to fly with them since May 14, 1908. In 1909, the U.S. Government bought its first airplane, a Wright Brothers biplane, on July 30. The airplane sold for $25,000 plus a bonus of $5,000 because it exceeded 40 mph. Wright Brothers - Vin Fiz First Armed Airplane On July 18, 1914, an Aviation Section of the Signal Corps (part of the Army) was established. Its flying unit contained airplanes made by the Wright Brothers as well as some made by their chief competitor, Glenn Curtiss. Patent Suit Although Glenn Curtisss invention, ailerons (French for little wing), was far different from the Wrights wing-warping mechanism, the Court determined that use of lateral controls by others was unauthorized by patent law.